Abstract This article presents a formulation for the optimization problem that minimizes the CO2 emission of pile caps with variations of geometry and pile position. The problem is defined by the design variables: concrete pile cap dimensions, rebar ratio, concrete compressive strength, the number of piles, the diameter, and length. The environmental impact was chosen as the objective function, taking CO2 emission as the main parameter. The design procedure was based on the ABNT NBR 6118:2014 (2014), and by the formulation proposed by Blévot & Frémy (1967). Also, the soil structure interaction between the cap and the piles was considered in the optimization problem. The problem was implemented using MATLAB (2016) and solved via a Genetic Algorithm native to the program. Results obtained from numerical examples were compared with structural designs solutions located in the Grande Vitória metropolitan area, Espírito Santo, Brazil and validated with a commercial software. The analyses indicate that design optimizations of pile caps considering the compressive strength of concrete, the diameter and length of piles and the optimal geometry of the pile caps may lead to significant reductions of material consumption, and consequently, a reduction of environmental impacts.

Abstract The mango cultivation has shown considerable losses, due to the intense occurrence of physiological disorders in its fruits, and stenospermocarpy is the main disorder under tropical semiarid conditions. So, the experiment was carried out to evaluate the potential loss of yield of mango cv. Palmer by stenospermocarpy, its relation with the nutritional state of the plant and yield as a function of fertilization strategies. The study was conducted in two experimental areas in the Brazilian semiarid. There is evidence that the leaf contents of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) influenced the development of stenospermocarpy fruits, associated with high temperature and low relative humidity in the flowering period of the crop. The incidence of fruits affected by stenospermocarpy reaches 90%, with an estimated yield loss of 28.81 Mg ha-1 for the mango cv. Palmer.

Resumo A cultura da manga tem apresentado perdas consideráveis, devido à intensa ocorrência de desordens fisiológicas em seus frutos, sendo a estenoespermocarpia a principal desordem nas condições do semiárido tropical. Assim, o experimento foi realizado para avaliar o potencial de perda de produtividade da manga cv. Palmer por estenoespermocarpia, sua relação com o estado nutricional da planta e sua produtividade em função das estratégias de fertilização. O estudo foi realizado em duas áreas experimentais no semiárido brasileiro. Há evidências de que os teores foliares de fósforo (P), ferro (Fe) e zinco (Zn) influenciaram o desenvolvimento comdos frutos estenoespermocárpicos, associados à alta temperatura e baixa umidade relativa, no período de floração da cultura. A incidência de frutos afetados pela estenoespermocarpia chegou a 90%, com perda de produtividade estimada de 28,81 Mg ha-1 para a manga cv. Palmer.

Abstract The present study aimed was to evaluate the spatial variability of weed species by means of phytosociological parameters and their correlations with the physical-chemical soil properties, under semiarid climate conditions. Weed phytosociology and soil characterization were carried out in two areas one newly deforested area covering 8.86 ha, and one experimental agricultural area covering 24.7 ha; both in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Weed and soil were sampled by following georeferenced grids in each area. Biomass and the total number of weed individuals, as well as soil properties, were mapped by the ordinary Kriging method. The predominant herbaceous plants in the newly deforested area were Hexasepalum teres and Digitaria insularis. The weed species that predominated in the agricultural area were Cyperus rotundus L., Euphorbia heterophylla L. and Herissantia Crispa (L.) Brizicky; the latter species outstanding for dry biomass (873.5g). Spatial dependence was observed for the predominant species, except for Digitaria insularis. The spatial distribution of these weeds was conditioned by soil K+ contents in both areas, and by sand content for the experimental agricultural area. Therefore, these two soil attributes resulted key factors for weed infestation in this semi-arid region.

Resumo Introdução A apneia obstrutiva do sono é consequência do colapso das vias aéreas superiores Qualquer região de obstrução nas vias aéreas superiores pode contribuir para o colapso da faringe. A obesidade e os distúrbios relacionados à obesidade desempenham um papel importante na apneia obstrutiva do sono e sua relação com o aumento da resistência das vias aéreas superiores. Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre a obesidade e as propriedades da cavidade nasal em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono. Método O estudo foi feito retrospectivamente através da revisão de prontuários médicos de pacientes adultos. O instrumento de avaliação NOSE, do inglês nasal obstruction symptom evaluation, foi usado para avaliar a obstrução nasal. Os distúrbios respiratórios do sono foram avaliados através de exames polissonográficos. O volume nasal foi obtido por tomografia computadorizada e a reconstrução volumétrica das vias aéreas nasais. As alterações anatômicas nasais foram avaliadas por endoscopia nasal. Resultados A análise dos prontuários de 83 pacientes, entre os quais 54 eram do sexo masculino e 29 do feminino, encontrou um índice de massa corporal médio de 28,69 kg/m2. Os grupos obeso e não obeso foram determinados com o ponto de corte de 30 kg/m2. Na comparação entre os grupos, o grupo obeso apresentou correlação positiva e significante com o índice de apneia/hipopneia (p = 0,02), instrumento NOSE (p = 0,033) e hipertrofia da concha inferior (p = 0,036), com uma odds ratio de 1,983 (IC95%: 1,048 a 3,753). A avaliação do desvio do septo nasal (p = 0,126) e do volume das vias aéreas nasais (p = 0,177) não mostrou resultados significantes. Conclusão A obesidade correlacionou-se significantemente com a obstrução nasal subjetiva pela escala NOSE e hipertrofia de concha inferior em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono. Não houve correlação com a avaliação do volume nasal. Nível de evidência 3b. Estudo de caso-controle individual.

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea is a consequence of upper airway collapse. Any obstructive sector in the upper airway can contribute to pharyngeal collapse. Obesity and obesity-related disorders play an important role in obstructive sleep apnea and its relationship with increased upper airway resistance. Objective This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between obesity and properties of the nasal cavity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods The study was conducted retrospectively by review of medical records of adult patients. The nasal obstruction symptom evaluation, NOSE instrument, was used to measure nasal obstruction. Sleep breathing disorders were evaluated by polysomnography exams. Nasal volume was obtained by computed tomography scans and volumetric reconstruction of nasal airway. Nasal anatomic alterations were assessed by nasal endoscopy. Results Analysis of 83 patient records, among whom 54 were male and 29 females, found the mean body mass index of 28.69 kg/m2. Obese and non-obese groups were determined by using cut-off 30 kg/m2. In the comparison between groups, the obese group had a positive and significant correlation with apnea/hypopnea index (p= 0.02), NOSE instrument (p= 0.033) and inferior turbinate hypertrophy (p= 0.036), with odds ratio 1.983 (95% IC 1.048 − 3.753). nasal septum deviation (p= 0.126) and nasal airway volume evaluation (p= 0.177) showed no significant results. Conclusion Obesity was significantly correlated with subjective nasal obstruction, NOSE scale, and inferior turbinate hypertrophy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. There was no correlation with the nasal volume evaluation. Level of Evidence 3b - Individual case-control study.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: O diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença de impacto mundial que tem levado ao aumento de comorbidades e mortalidade em vários países. A imunoexpressão dos hormônios incretínicos glp-1 e pyy3-36, pode ser usada como marcador no trato gastrointestinal para analisar a atividade da célula L em resposta ao tratamento do DM2. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a presença, localização e secreção de células L no intestino delgado de pacientes submetidos à forma de cirurgia bariátrica denominada gastroenteromentectomia adaptativa com bipartição parcial. MÉTODOS: Ensaios imunohistoquímicos, reação quantitativa em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) e análise de manchas ocidentais foram realizados em amostras de mucosa intestinal de pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 nos períodos pré- e pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Todos os resultados foram consistentes e indicaram expressão basal e secreção de peptídeos glucagon-1 (GLP-1) e peptídeos YY (PYY3-36) incretinas por células L. Uma maior densidade de células foi demonstrada nas porções mais distais do intestino delgado. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os níveis de expressão GLP-1 e PYY3-36 nos períodos pré-operatório e pós-operatório, provavelmente devido ao estado de jejum prolongado durante o qual as amostras foram coletadas CONCLUSÃO: O maior número de células L em atividade implica melhor sinalização de peptídeo, resposta e funcionamento do sistema neuroendócrino.

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease of global impact that has led to an increase in comorbidities and mortality in several countries. Immunoexpression of the incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (3-36) (PYY3-36) can be used as a scorer in the gastrointestinal tract to analyze L-cell activity in response to T2DM treatment. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the presence, location, and secretion of L cells in the small intestine of patients undergoing the form of bariatric surgery denominated adaptive gastroenteromentectomy with partial bipartition. METHODS: Immunohistochemical assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blot analysis were performed on samples of intestinal mucosa from patients with T2DM in both the preoperative and postoperative periods. RESULTS: All results were consistent and indicated basal expression and secretion of GLP-1 and PYY3-36 incretins by L cells. A greater density of cells was demonstrated in the most distal portions of the small intestine. No significant difference was found between GLP-1 and PYY3-36 expression levels in the preoperative and postoperative periods because of prolonged fasting during which the samples were collected. CONCLUSION: The greater number of L cells in activity implies better peptide signaling, response, and functioning of the neuroendocrine system.

Abstract The characteristics of milk are controlled by several genes, with emphasis on the four genes from casein, CSN1S1; CSN1S2; CSN2 and CSN3, which are responsible encoding of fractions the milk protein. The study of genetic variants in these genes, seek to investigate alleles, insertions or deletions, that can directly reflect on productive characteristics, indicating differences in milk quality, composition and yield. The CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes were analyzed in lactating Murrah buffaloes using nucleotide sequencing. An SNP was found in the amplified fragment of the CSN1S1 gene, located in nucleotide number 2,123 of the promoter region in position nt-258 (A/G). As for the CSN3 gene, two SNPs of exon number 4 were identified in codons 33 (ACC/ATC) and 34 (ACC/ACT) of the analyzed fragment. This study contributes to important associations between genetic variants and the desired characteristics of milk and its derivatives in future studies, because the variants found may be associated with the quality of milk, enabling genetic selection to be assisted by molecular markers, indicating a major advance that makes it possible to select animals early.

Abstract The evolution of the Sars-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus pandemic has revealed that the problems of social inequality, poverty, public and private health systems guided by controversial public policies are much more complex than was conceived before the pandemic. Therefore, understanding how COVID-19 evolves in society and looking at the infection spread is a critical task to support efficient epidemiological actions capable of suppressing the rates of infections and deaths. In this article, we analyze daily COVID-19 infection data with two objectives: (i) to test the predictive power of a Recurrent Neural Network - Long Short Term Memory (RNN-LSTM) on the daily stochastic fluctuation in different scenarios, and (ii) analyze, through adaptive linear regression, possible anomalies in the reported data to provide a more realistic and reliable scenario to support epidemic control actions. Our results show that the approach is even more suitable for countries, states or cities where the rate of testing, diagnosis and prevention were low during the virus dissemination. In this sense, we focused on investigating countries and regions where the disease evolved in a severe and poorly controlled way, as in Brazil, highlighting the favelas in Rio de Janeiro as a regional scenario.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento agrícola depende, consideravelmente, da pesquisa experimental, fazendo-se necessário minimizar as variações existentes no solo para obter resultados mais precisos. Portanto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho quantificar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo e definir Zonas de Manejo (MZs) mais homogêneas através da geoestatística multivariada para alocar áreas experimentais agrícolas. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de solo deformadas seguindo uma grade amostral com 56 pontos georreferenciados nas camadas de 0,00 a 0,20 m e 0,40 a 0,60 m de profundidade. Foram realizadas as análises granulométricas e químicas do solo. Foi realizada a análise de componentes principais (ACP). Foi verificada a dependência espacial das variáveis analisadas e dos componentes principais (CPs) utilizando semivariogramas experimentais e os mapas foram obtidos pelo interpolador Krigagem ordinária. A delimitação da área em zonas foi realizada com uso do algoritmo de agrupamento fuzzy c-means. Os resultados mostraram que nos dois primeiros CPs predominaram os elementos relacionados à acidez do solo e que a área deverá ser delimitada em três zonas. O delineamento de MZs com base em CP se mostrou uma ferramenta importante no auxílio da alocação de experimentos agrícolas, reduzindo o erro advindo da heterogeneidade que pode ocorrer dentro dos blocos experimentais.

ABSTRACT Agricultural development relies heavily on experimental research and it is necessary to minimize soil variations for more accurate results. Therefore, the present study aims to quantify the spatial variability of soil attributes and to define more homogeneous Management Zones (MZs) through the multivariate geostatistics to allocate agricultural experimental areas. The experiment was carried out in Petrolina city, Pernambuco state, Brazil. Disturbed soil samples were collected following a sample grid with 56 georeferenced points in the layers of 0.00 to 0.20 m and 0.40 to 0.60 m depths. The granulometric and chemical analyzes of the soil were performed. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed. The spatial dependence of the analyzed variables and the principal components (PCs) was verified using experimental semivariogramas. Maps were obtained by the ordinary Kriging interpolator. The delimitation of the MZ was performed using the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. The results showed that in the PC the attributes related to soil acidity predominated and that the area should be delimited in three zones. The MZs delimitation using PC showed as an important tool in assisting the allocation of agricultural experiments, reducing the error arising from the heterogeneity that may occur within the experimental blocks.

ABSTRACT Lignocellulosic residues are used to produce mushrooms, but they generate large amounts of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). The objective of this study was to evaluate they effect of SMS of Pleurotus ostreatus, combined with organic fertilization, on biomass production and essential oil yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. The fertilizer was formulated using combinations of organic compounds: SMS, organic compost (OC), and earthworm humus (EH). The treatments were applied using 35 g of the formulations, corresponding to an application of 20 Mg ha-1. The treatments used were: 100% OC; 100% EH; 100% SMS; 75% SMS + 25% OC (C1); 75% SMS + 25% EH (C2); 50% SMS + 50% OC (C3); 50% SMS + 50% EH (C4); 50% SMS + 25% OC + 25% EH (C5), and a control with no fertilizer application (CT). Plants grown with the soil fertilizers containing SMS, single or combined with OC and EH, presented higher average plant height (55.6 to 62.2 cm) and leaf area per plant (696.5 to 836.4 cm2). The treatment C3 resulted in plants with higher mean dry weight (10.9 g plant-1), and C2 resulted in the highest oil yield (5.0 kg ha-1), representing a gain of 324.8% in oil yield when compared to the control. Thus, SMS increases biomass production and essential oil yield of basil plants.

RESUMO Resíduos lignocelulósicos são usados na produção de cogumelos, mas geram grandes quantidades de substrato pós-cultivo de cogumelo (SPC). Neste estudo avaliou-se o SPC de Pleurotus ostreatus, aliado a adubação orgânica na produção de biomassa e rendimento de óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.). As formulações das adubações foram preparadas com o SPC, composto orgânico (CO) e húmus de minhoca (HM) e suas combinações, todos com aplicação de 35 g no solo, equivalente a 20 t ha-1. Os tratamentos foram: CO = 100 %; HM = 100 %; SPC = 100 %; C1 = 75 % SPC + 25 % CO; C2 = 75 % SPC + 25 % HM; C3 = 50 % SPC + 50 % CO; C4 =50 % SPC + 50 % HM; C5 = 50 % SPC + 25 % CO + 25 % HM e CT = sem adubação. O comprimento médio e a área foliar foram superiores nas plantas cultivadas no solo contendo o SPC, individualmente ou combinado com as fontes orgânicas, com 55,6 a 62,2 cm de comprimento e 696,5 a 836,4 cm2 de área foliar por planta. O tratamento C3 proporcionou plantas com maior acumulo de matéria seca (10,9 g planta-1) e o C2 proporcionou maior rendimento de óleo (5,0 kg ha-1), com ganho de 324,8 % no rendimento, em relação ao controle. O SPC promove um aumento significativo na biomassa e no rendimento de óleo essencial em plantas de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum).

Resumo Compreender a relação entre os níveis de nutrientes no solo e aqueles encontrados na planta é de fundamental importância para o manejo específico da fertilidade em áreas de cultivo de mangueira (Mangifera indica L.). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição espacial dos teores de macronutrientes no solo e na folha, e suas correlações em pomares comerciais de manga, em condições de região semiárida, e delimitar as zonas de manejo utilizando dados de solo e de folha. O experimento foi realizado em três áreas comerciais do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil, cultivadas com manga irrigada. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m, bem como amostras de folhas, seguindo malhas amostrais. Foram determinados os teores de Ca, Mg, K, P e N das amostras de solo e de folha. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e geoestatísticas. A co-krigagem foi usada para a delimitação de zonas de manejo. Correlações espaciais positivas foram obtidas entre Ca2+ no solo e Ca foliar (R2 = 0,80-0,93), K+ no solo e K foliar (R2 = 0,35-0,61) e Mg2+ no solo e P foliar (R2 = 0,51). Correlações negativas foram observadas para o Mg2+ no solo e Ca foliar (R2 = 0,79-0,93) e Mg2+ no solo e K foliar (R2 = 0,98). O solo de 0-0,2 m de profundidade teve a maior influência na absorção de Ca2+ e K+ pelas plantas. A correlação negativa entre Mg2+ do solo e Ca foliar mostra a competição existente no processo de absorção das plantas. Foi possível delimitar zonas de manejo específicas utilizando cokrigagem para as três áreas, usando dados de solo e de folha.

Abstract Understanding the relationship between the levels of nutrients in the soil and those found in the plant is of fundamental importance for site-specific fertility management in mango (Mangifera indica L.) crop fields. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of macronutrient contents both in the soil and in the leaf and their correlations in commercial mango orchards under semiarid region conditions and to delimit the management zones using soil and leaf data. The experiment was carried out in three commercial areas in San Francisco Valley, Brazil, cultivated with irrigated mango. Soil samples were collected in 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m depths as well as leaf samples following sample grids. Ca, Mg, K, P, and N contents from soil and leaf samples were determined. Descriptive and geostatistics analyses were performed. Co-kriging was used for the delimitation of management zones. Positive spatial correlations were obtained between soil Ca2+ and leaf Ca contents (R2 = 0.80-0.93), soil K+ and leaf K contents (R2 = 0.35-0.61), and soil Mg2+ and leaf P contents (R2 = 0.51). Negative correlations were observed for soil Mg2+ and leaf Ca contents(R2 = 0.79-0.93) and soil Mg2+ and leaf K contents (R2 = 0.98). The soil 0-0.2 m depth had the greatest influence on mango Ca and K uptake. The negative correlation between soil Mg2+ and leaf Ca shows the competition existing in the plant uptake process. It was possible to delimit specific management zones using co-kriging for the three areas using soil and leaf data.

Abstract Given the growing use of alternative sources of protein, studies on the commercial viability of amazonians wild species, based on the yield of their carcass, are still scarce in the literature. To evaluate yields of carcass and commercial cuts of caiman meat (Caiman crocodilus yacare), according to sex and weight categories, besides analyzing their revenue. Thirty animals in termination phase were selected, separated by sex and weighed. The cuts analyzed was of 59.7% in relation to total live weight, and of 70.7% in relation to the carcass. Regarding the yields of the cuts, the average weight difference in detriment to the sex of the animals was minimal, however, in the weight categories, animals classified as intermediate and heavy (5.9–9.1 kg) resulted in higher cut weights (p < 0.01) and consequently in revenue for most of the meat cuts (66.7%), especially for tail, back, and sirloin fillets. It can be concluded that the carcass yield of caiman is high, and that heavy animals resulted in higher yields of prime cuts, emphasizing the need to carry out studies that prioritize the cost/benefit ratio taking into account the age and weight of the animals.

RESUMO Neste trabalho, analisou-se a eficiência de um sistema de exaustão de material particulado em um processo real de eletrofusão. Particularmente, realizaram-se análises de distribuição granulométrica em diferentes estágios do processo. Utilizando os dados da análise granulométrica, avaliou-se a eficiência do ciclone comparando-a com a eficiência de projeto - adicionalmente, a eficiência do ciclone foi também calculada com base no balanço de massa de todo o processo. Apesar de algumas medidas tomadas pela empresa a fim de melhorar a eficiência do sistema de exaustão, resultados indicam eficiência do ciclone da ordem de 50%, e perda de material particulado para atmosfera da ordem de 1 t a cada batelada do processo. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se detalhadamente as etapas da análise de eficiência do sistema de exaustão, particularmente do ciclone, e a proposta de redimensionamento do ciclone.

ABSTRACT In this work, we analyzed the performance of a particulate matter exhaust system of a real electrofusion production process. Particularly, we performed particle size distribution analysis at different stages of the process. Using particle size distribution data, cyclone operation efficiency was evaluated by comparing it with design efficiency - in addition, cyclone efficiency was also calculated based on the mass balance of the entire process. Despite some measures taken by the company in order to improve the exhaust system efficiency, results indicate cyclone efficiency of around 50%, and particulate matter loss to atmosphere of 1t at each batch of the process. This paper presented in detail the steps of the efficiency analysis of the exhaust system, particularly the cyclone, and the proposed cyclone resizing.

Resumo A amostragem do solo é um procedimento fundamental na tomada de decisão sobre o manejo do solo; portanto, um plano de amostragem deve representar o mais acuradamente possível o campo de cultivo avaliado. Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar uma abordagem de amostragem de solo e a alocação de pontos amostrais usando análise espacial e comparar com o método da estatística clássica em pomares de manga irrigada na região do semiárido brasileiro. O experimento foi realizado em três pomares comerciais de manga, no Vale do São Francisco, Brasil. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m, seguindo grades regulares, onde o número de amostras variou de 50 a 56. A textura do solo, de densidade, porosidade total, microporosidade, macroporosidade, bem como seu pH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, P, acidez potencial e a soma de bases foram avaliados. Estatística clássica e geoestatística foram usadas para determinar o número ideal de amostras de solo. A técnica de agrupamento fuzzy c-means foi usada para separar as áreas em zonas homogêneas e alocar os pontos de amostragem. O método de coleta de 20 amostras simples de solo mostrou-se ineficiente. Por outro lado, o uso da geoestatística provou ser eficiente e é necessário para cada campo de cultivo. O agrupamento fuzzy c-means foi adequado para separar as áreas em zonas homogêneas e, assim, auxiliar na alocação dos pontos amostrais.

Abstract Soil sampling is a fundamental procedure in the decision making regarding the management of the soil, thus, a sampling plan should represent as accurately as possible the evaluated crop field. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to suggest a soil sampling approach and soil sampling point allocation using spatial analyses and compare to the classic statistic method in irrigated mango orchards in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The experiment was carried out in three commercial mango orchards located in the region of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in 0-0.2 m and 0.2-0.4 m depths following regular grids where the number of samples varied from 50 to 56. Soil texture, soil bulk density, soil total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity, pH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, P, potential acidity, and the sum of basis were evaluated. Classical and geostatistical statistics were used to determine the ideal number of soil samples. Fuzzy c-means clustering technique was used to separate the areas into homogeneous zones and to allocate the sampling points. The wide method of 20 individual soil samples proved to be inefficient. On the other hand, the use of geostatistics proved to be efficient and is required for each crop field. The c-means clustering was adequate to separate the areas into homogeneous zones and, thus, to assist the sampling point allocation.

RESUMO Para atender as demandas futuras de alimentos e garantir sustentabilidade, novas tecnologias foram incorporadas à agricultura. Acredita-se que a quarta revolução agrícola ou Agricultura 4.0 esteja ocorrendo. Dentre as diversas tecnologias envolvidas na Agricultura 4.0, é necessário destacar a importância da geoestatística na implementação dessas tecnologias. A geoestatística é uma classe de estatística usada para analisar e predizer os valores associados à fenômenos espaciais ou espaço-temporais, e é muito importante para entender a distribuição espacial das variáveis agrícolas. Portanto, o objetivo desta revisão é mostrar o potencial da geoestatística na Agricultura 4.0. O artigo apresenta uma revisão exaustiva da literatura sobre geoestatística e seu potencial na agricultura, mostrando um resumo das abordagens geoestatísticas, alguns usos práticos da geoestatística na agricultura e uma descrição da geoestatística multivariada para fusão de dados de múltiplas fontes usando alguns estudos de caso. Esta revisão mostrou que a geoestatística tem sido usada para fins agrícolas e produzido resultados interessantes. Além disso, análises mais avançadas, como geoestatística multivariada na fusão de dados heterogêneos, podem ser facilmente adaptadas a quaisquer condições experimentais e tipo de dados de sensor e/ou dados de amostragem para aumentar a precisão da estimativa.

ABSTRACT In order to meet future food demands and ensure sustainability new technologies have been incorporated into agriculture. Some researchers believe that we are living in the fourth agricultural revolution or Agriculture 4.0. Among the many technologies involved in the Agriculture 4.0, it is necessary to highlight the importance of geostatistics in the implementation of those technologies. Geostatistics is a class of statistics used to analyze and predict the values associated with spatial or spatiotemporal phenomena, and it is very important to understand the spatial distribution of agricultural variables. Therefore, the objective of this review is to show the potential of geostatistics in Agriculture 4.0. The article presents an exhaustive literature review of geostatistics and its potential in agriculture, by showing a brief of geostatistical approaches, some practical use of geostatistics in agriculture, and a description of multivariate geostatistics for multi-source data fusion using some case studies. This review showed that geostatistics has been used for agricultural purposes and has been producing exciting results. In addition, more advanced analysis such as multivariate geostatistics in fuse heterogeneous data can be easily adapted to any experimental conditions and type of sensor data and/or sampling data to increase estimation accuracy.

Objective to evaluate the nursing educational intervention for the promotion of the breastfeeding self-efficacy of nursing mothers hospitalized in a maternity hospital in northern Brazil. Method quasi-experimental, longitudinal study, composed of an intervention group (n=80) and observation group (n=78). The educative intervention occurred through conversation wheel. Data collection occurred in the period from January to March 2018. Results in the intervention group, nursing mothers showed high breastfeeding efficacy, whereas in the observation group, the efficacy was moderate. Among nursing mothers with more schooling, who work out of home and with intact nipples, the educative intervention influenced for better breastfeeding self-efficacy. The intervention group showed higher mean breastfeeding self-efficacy and increased frequency of breastfeeding. Conclusion for the nursing mothers hospitalized in the maternity of study, the educative intervention influenced for the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding within the 60 first days after delivery.

Objetivo evaluar la intervención educativa de enfermería para la promoción de la autoeficacia en amamantamiento en las madres lactantes en una maternidad del Norte de Brasil. Método un estudio cuasi-experimental, longitudinal, compuesto por un grupo de intervención (n=80) y un grupo observacional (n=78). La intervención educativa ocurrió a través de rueda de conversación. La recogida de datos se produjo en el período de enero a marzo de 2018. Resultados en el grupo de intervención, las madres lactantes mostraron una alta eficacia en amamantamiento, mientras que en el grupo observacional, la autoeficacia fue moderada. Entre las madres con mayor escolaridad, que trabajan fuera del hogar y con los pezones intactos, la intervención educativa influenció para una mejor autoeficacia en el amamantamiento. El grupo de intervención mostró mayor promedio para la autoeficacia en el amamantamiento y frecuencia aumentada del amamantamiento. Conclusión para las madres lactantes en la maternidad estudiada, la intervención educativa influenció el mantenimiento del amamantamiento exclusivo en los 60 primeros días después del parto.

Objetivo avaliar a intervenção educativa de enfermagem para a promoção da autoeficácia em amamentação em nutrizes internadas em uma maternidade do Norte do Brasil. Método estudo quase experimental, longitudinal, composto por um grupo de intervenção (n=80) e observacional (n=78). A intervenção educativa deu-se mediante roda de conversa. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de janeiro a março de 2018. Resultados no grupo de intervenção as nutrizes apresentaram alta eficácia para a amamentação, enquanto que no grupo de observação encontrou-se moderada eficácia. Entre as nutrizes com maior escolaridade, que trabalham fora de casa e tinham mamilos íntegros, a intervenção educativa influenciou para melhor autoeficácia na amamentação. O grupo de intervenção apresentou média mais elevada para autoeficácia na amamentação e maior frequência de aleitamento materno exclusivo. Conclusão nas nutrizes internadas na maternidade estudada, a intervenção educativa influenciou para a manutenção da amamentação exclusiva nos 60° primeiros dias após o parto.